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| 1864 |
| | | Dostoevsky publishes Notes from Underground, the bitter memories of a retired civil servant that is often described as the first existentialist novel | |
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| 1864 |
| | | President Lincoln is re-elected for a second term, thanks largely to recent Union successes on the Civil War battlefields | |
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| 1864 |
| | | William T. Sherman reaches the coast and captures Savannah, after his violently destructive 'march to the sea' | |
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| 1865 |
| | | Gregor Mendel reads a paper to the Natural History Society in Brno describing his discoveries in the field of genetics | |
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| 1865 |
| | | The Confederate government abandons Richmond, and Lee begins a retreat to the west | |
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| 1865 |
| | | Lincoln visits the Confederate capital at Richmond and is greeted by a jubilant crowd of freed slaves | |
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| 1865 |
| | | Lee surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox Court House, and is offered conciliatory terms | |
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| 1865 |
| | | English surgeon Joseph Lister introduces the era of antiseptic surgery, with the use of carbolic acid in the operating theatre | |
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| 1865 |
| | | Samuel Clemens, writing under the pseudonym Mark Twain, has immediate success with The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County | |
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| 1865 |
| | | On a visit to a Washington theatre, Lincoln is assassinated in his box by John Wilkes Booth | |
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